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''Manon'' ((:manɔ̃)) is an ''opéra comique'' in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Henri Meilhac and Philippe Gille, based on the 1731 novel ''L’histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut'' by the Abbé Prévost. It was first performed at the Opéra-Comique in Paris on 19 January 1884. Prior to Massenet's work, Halévy (''Manon Lescaut'', ballet, 1830) and Auber (''Manon Lescaut'', opéra comique, 1856) had used the subject for musical stage works. Massenet also wrote a one-act sequel to ''Manon'', ''Le portrait de Manon'' (1894), involving the Chevalier des Grieux as an older man.〔Harding 1970, p. 116.〕 The composer worked at the score of ''Manon'' at his country home outside Paris and also at a house at The Hague once occupied by Prévost himself.〔Harding 1970, pp. 75-76.〕 ''Manon'' is Massenet's most popular and enduring opera and, having "quickly conquered the world's stages",〔Macdonald 2001, p. 544.〕 it has maintained an important place in the repertory since its creation. It is the quintessential example of the charm and vitality of the music and culture of the Parisian Belle Époque. ==Performance history== The opera was a mainstay of the Opéra-Comique in Paris, reaching its 1,000th performance there in 1919, its 1,500th in 1931 and 2,000th in 1952.〔Wolff 1953, pp. 113–114.〕 The first Manon was Marie Heilbron; other noted interpreters include Sibyl Sanderson (Massenet's personal favorite), Fanny Heldy, Lucrezia Bori, Amelita Galli-Curci, Bidu Sayão, Victoria de los Ángeles, Anna Moffo, Beverly Sills, Edita Gruberová, Renée Fleming, Anna Netrebko, and Natalie Dessay. Due to its heavy vocal demands, the role of Manon was described by Sills as "the French Isolde". As famous interpreters of Des Grieux, Kobbé lists Edmond Clément, Enrico Caruso, Beniamino Gigli, Tito Schipa and Ferruccio Tagliavini; Wolff also lists Gaston Micheletti, Adolphe Maréchal, Charles Fontaine and Libero de Luca. Within a year of its Paris premiere, ''Manon'' was given its UK premiere in January 1885, in Liverpool; in the US, the Academy of Music in New York presented the opera later the same year, on 23 December.〔 At the Royal Opera House in London it was first presented 19 May 1891, and in the post-war period the company has given it two productions, in 1947 and 1987.〔( Royal Opera House archive data base )〕 The Metropolitan Opera gave its first staging on 16 January 1895, and ''Manon'' has subsequently been performed there on 266 occasions. Anna Netrebko recently starred in a new production directed by Laurent Pelly, a co-production with the Royal Opera House, which was simulcast in HD on 7 April 2012.〔(''Manon'' ) at the (Met Opera Archive ).〕 The San Francisco Opera gave the opera many stagings beginning on 29 September 1924, the most recent being November 1998.〔( San Francisco opera's online database )〕 In the 1980s a piano score was discovered where spoken dialogue was set as recitative by Massenet, possibly for the Italian premiere; this version was performed at the Opéra de Saint-Etienne as part of the 2009 Massenet Festival.〔Laurent Bury, ("Jean-Louis Pichon: 'Je pense avoir fait évoluer le regard des gens sur Massenet'" ), Interview with Jean-Louis Pichon, 9 Nov 2011, on forumopera.com. Accessed 10 August 2014.〕 Today, ''Manon'' is frequently performed. Operabase shows 19 countries presenting (or planning to present) a total of 425 performances of 81 productions in 61 cities. 〔(Performances from 1 January 2012 forward ) on operabase.com. Retrieved 26 August 2014〕 The ballet ''L'histoire de Manon'' by Kenneth MacMillan, although using music entirely written by Massenet, does not include any from ''Manon''.〔Bland 1981, p.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Manon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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